public and professional presentations

UPCOMING PRESENTATIONS

Fall 2011 and Spring 2012 Talks:

September 10, 2011, Tubac Historical State Park, 10:30, $4.00 entrance fee

On a Fateful Day in 1698…"A Glorious Victory": The Battle at Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea

One of the most consequential and colorful events in the history of Arizona occurred on the San Pedro River on Easter day in 1698. Here the Sobaípuri O'odham
village of Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea was attacked by Apache, Jocome, Jano, Manso, and Suma, some of whom had been residing in the El Paso-area
missions.

Many have heard the account as told through Spanish chronicles, but now evidence from the archaeological record augments the story, filling in gaps while
providing tangible enhancements about the event. Among the findings is apparent evidence of the feast being prepared by the invaders after winning the first
round of the battle, before 500 warriors from Quiburi arrived to change the balance. Father Kino himself noted that in celebration of their initial victory during this
interlude the marauders killed three cattle and three mares and began to roast and stew meat and
beans and to parch and grind maize for their pinole. Evidence of burned wheat, tepari beans, and other plant and animal food items seem to confirm this portion
of the account, providing eerie echoes of this fateful day.

Abundant projectile points found in the fill and nearby the feast structure confirm the identity of the attackers and provide insights into the ability of artifacts to
inform on ethnicity during this tumultuous time. Unexpected architectural details raise questions about the nature of traditional forms of O'odham construction,
and the village itself reinforces new perspectives on who the Sobaípuri were and how they lived. This research also addresses what happened to the Jocome,
Jano, Manso, and Suma and why they did not survive as distinct groups into the modern age.

Perspectives of modern descendants of these Sobaípuri clarify the active role of history, and new translations of the documents by Seymour provide fresh
insights into this period.

September 13, 2011; Seminar: Issues in Mexican Art, San Xavier del Bac; Guest Lecture; University of Arizona, ARH 596M-001; 12:30-3:20

The Jesuit Period Indigineous History of San Xavier del Bac

This lecture focuses on indigenous residential architecture, and also on adobe-walled structures or chapels built in this region in the Jesuit period, stressing the
difference between Franciscan and Jesuit. The presenter has excavated three Jesuit period adobe-walled structures built for the missionaries: one at Guevavi
from 1701, one reexposed that Di Peso dug in the 1940s/50s at Santa Cruz del Pitaitutgam, and one excavated this year that burned during a key battle at
Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea in 1698. Key differences between the Jesuit and Franciscan period are discussed. San Xavier was a Sobaipuri settlement to begin
with, not Papago/Tohono O'odham. This and other misconceptions regarding their structures, lifeways, and history are discussed. Examining chapel architecture
in the Jesuit period, native village layout, critical examination of the location of the original Kino-period chapel and native village, and indigenous perspectives on
San Xavier del Bac church iconography. Will probably be accompanied by Tony Burrell, elder with the Wa:k community at San Xavier.

September 15, 2011; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Phoenix

Remembering Those Who've Lost their Songs--The Sobaipuri of Wa:k.

Deni Seymour will discuss the role of archaeology in rediscovering the Sobaipuri at the Wa:k community.
Investigations involve looking for Father Kino’s 1692 San Xavier del Bac and cultural and genealogical studies
to trace the historical Sobaipuri origins of the community.

Will probably be accompanied by Tony Burrell, elder with the Wa:k community at San Xavier.

November 16-20, 2011 American Anthropological Association, Montreal, Cana

Denial of the Warrior O’odham

The O’odham are presented in modern anthropological narratives as docile, affable, and peaceful, consistent with a portion of the documentary and ethnographic
records. Popular conceptions also envision most pre-colonial Native Americans as peace-loving and noble. Archaeological evidence and a less-cited subset of
the historical documentary record indicate that their Sobaipuri-O’odham ancestors were neither docile nor peaceful. While consummate diplomats, they were
accomplished warriors who defended the best land and its improvements. Modern informants embrace the warrior image, celebrate the warrior ceremony, and
react favorably to archaeological evidence of historic and decisive battles. A new archaeological battle signature is presented.

November 2011
FRIENDS OF THE SAN PEDRO RIVER CULTURAL DOCENT TRAINING PROGRAM, November ?, 2011, 6:30 pm, BLM, Sierra Vista Office

Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate and Other Contrarian Views of the Colonial Frontier

Recent excavations and new interpretations of the Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate on the San Pedro River provide entirely new perspectives on the presidio,
the pre-presidio Sobaipuri occupation, and Di Peso's interepretations of these matters. Rank and status, population estimates, aculturation, and identity of the
indigenous workers at the presido are discussed. Moreover, Kino's Quiburi, the Jesuit mission, persistence of Sobaipuri occupation in the valley into the 1780s,
and a host of other issues relating to the Sobaipuri at this site can now be addressed.

(Followed by a site tour on Saturday,November)

December 15, 2011
Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix Chapter, Pueblo Grande Museum

On a Fateful Day in 1698…"A Glorious Victory": The Battle that Spelled the End of the Jano & Jocome

In 1698 the enemies of the Province of Sonora--the Jocomes, Janos, Sumas, Mansos, and Apaches-- attacked the Sobaípuri-O'odham ranchería of Santa Cruz
de Gaybanipitea. The particulars of this fateful event were recorded by Father Kino and several other chroniclers. Excavations at the site including in the burned
adobe fortification in which the Sobaípuri-O'odham defended themselves against the arrows of 500 assailants reveals incredible details about this turning point in
regional history. Artifacts including projectile points and architectural details provide links to these historically documented groups and help pinpoint the
archaeological signature of the groups that succeeded the Mogollon.

January 10, 2012, Heard Guild Presents, Heard Museum, Phoenix, 1:30 pm

GERONIMO'S WICKIUP: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE CANON DE LOS EMBUDOS SURRENDER SITE

In the spring of 1886 Geronimo and Naiche attempted to surrender to General George Crook at Canon de los Embudos in Sonora, Mexico. This was several
months before the actual surrender at Skeleton Canyon in southern Arizona. This important event was attended by Tombstone photographer C.S. Fly who
photographically documented the place, the Apache people, and some of their material culture. While others left descriptive accounts of the occasion, these are
the only photographs of the Apache in the field while still enemy combatants of the United States. Rumors led to the dispersal of Geronimo and his people before
the surrender was consummated, delaying his final capitulation to General Nelson Miles until fall of the same year.

Scrutiny of the photographs and comparisons to on-the-ground evidence provide a clear view of archaeological Apache structure signatures and other forms of
material culture from this period. Such evidence serves as a basis for confidently identifying Apache sites, providing an indisputable historical basis at a known
place.

Canon de los Embudos provides an example of how historic documents and photographs can be aligned with archaeological evidence to learn more and gain
confidence about the incredibly light footprint of these mobile people. At the same time, an explicitly archaeological focus shows how and in which ways
documentary sources can be misleading.

DATE CHANGED delayed til spring "The Beginnings of New Mexico History: The Impact of The Spanish Conquest and Colonial Period In New Mexico and The
Southwest"
Western Heritage Museum Complex, New Mexico Junior College, Hobbs, New Mexico

Questioning Documentary-Source Authority: Implications for an Early Apachean Southwestern Presence

Even after considerable methodological discussion, some archaeologists continue to give greater authority to written history over archaeological evidence. This
presents a challenge for a scientifically based methods-oriented approach. Some archaeologists passionately adhere to an unevaluated documentary record,
even when presented with strong archaeological evidence to the contrary. They forget the rarity of unambiguous interpretation and do not acknowledge the
inherent bias in European sources. Instead, they accept written documentation at face value. No amount of archaeological evidence sways these headstrong
practitioners. These same proponents reject oral history, requiring that traditional and oral histories be subject to critical analysis, not seeing the need to
similarly verify Western written sources. Yet, by subjecting all data sources to equal scrutiny and allowing archaeology to, at times, take precedence over other
forms of evidence, a rigorous scientific approach is furthered and new understandings of the past are possible.

Specifically, archaeological evidence gathered over the past decade provides strong, independently obtained data from a number of different sites, over a wide
geographic area, in direct association with a consistently occurring set of material and chronometric data, with some direct-historical connections. These data
indicate the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache were present in the southern Southwest long before written documentation. This paper addresses these
criticisms directly, scrutinizing critics' arguments, showing how these textual sources are not as clear as they may seem.

January 15, 2012 Roswell Museum and Art Center, 3:00 pm, museum exhibit opening

Distinguishing Apache from Comanche: Beginning Efforts (CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE APACHE IN THE ROSWELL/CARLSBAD AREA)

The Carlsbad/Roswell area was a crossroads for a number of different protohistoric/historic groups, most of which have yet to be identified archaeologically.
Using as a baseline the ancestral Apache signature defined by the speaker in the mountainous Southwest work is progressing to distinguish the Plains Apache
and Comanche in the area, as well as other mobile groups that occupied and moved through this region. Comparisons of feature and artifact types, site
placement, and site layout provide hints as to how these groups might be distinguished.

January 28, 2012, 2 or 3 pm, Ancestral Apache Use of Otero Mesa
Where: At or Near Mescalero; probably Inn of the Mountain Gods

The ancestral Apache and contemporaneous mobile groups used Otero Mesa and the surrounding basins and mountain ranges throughout the late prehistoric
and historic periods. Otero Mesa possesses some of the most unique feature types known for these groups. Because of its remote location the mesa represents
a special part of the Apachean landscape. The sites and features identified here have been instrumental in understanding the early presence of Apache in the
Southern Southwest, in identifying new uniquely Apache feature types, and isolating changes in rock art through time.

February 2, 2012, BISBEE CORRAL OF WESTERNERS, 2012, 7 PM, at the Bisbee Senior Center

On a Fateful Day in 1698…"A Glorious Victory": The Battle at Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea

One of the most consequential and colorful events in the history of Arizona occurred on the San Pedro River on Easter day in 1698. Here the Sobaípuri O'odham
village of Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea was attacked by Apache, Jocome, Jano, Manso, and Suma, some of whom had been residing in the El Paso-area
missions.

Many have heard the account as told through Spanish chronicles, but now evidence from the archaeological record augments the story, filling in gaps while
providing tangible enhancements about the event. Among the findings is apparent evidence of the feast being prepared by the invaders after winning the first
round of the battle, before 500 warriors from Quiburi arrived to change the balance. Father Kino himself noted that in celebration of their initial victory during this
interlude the marauders killed three cattle and three mares and began to roast and stew meat and
beans and to parch and grind maize for their pinole. Evidence of burned wheat, tepari beans, and other plant and animal food items seem to confirm this portion
of the account, providing eerie echoes of this fateful day.

Abundant projectile points found in the fill and nearby the feast structure confirm the identity of the attackers and provide insights into the ability of artifacts to
inform on ethnicity during this tumultuous time. Unexpected architectural details raise questions about the nature of traditional forms of O'odham construction,
and the village itself reinforces new perspectives on who the Sobaípuri were and how they lived. This research also addresses what happened to the Jocome,
Jano, Manso, and Suma and why they did not survive as distinct groups into the modern age.

Perspectives of modern descendants of these Sobaípuri clarify the active role of history, and new translations of the documents by Seymour provide fresh
insights into this period.

February 8, 2012. Cochise College, Speakers Series, Sierra Vista Campus

On a Fateful Day in 1698…"A Glorious Victory": The Battle at Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea

One of the most consequential and colorful events in the history of Arizona occurred on the San Pedro River on Easter day in 1698. Here the Sobaípuri O'odham
village of Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea was attacked by Apache, Jocome, Jano, Manso, and Suma, some of whom had been residing in the El Paso-area
missions.

Many have heard the account as told through Spanish chronicles, but now evidence from the archaeological record augments the story, filling in gaps while
providing tangible enhancements about the event. Among the findings is apparent evidence of the feast being prepared by the invaders after winning the first
round of the battle, before 500 warriors from Quiburi arrived to change the balance. Father Kino himself noted that in celebration of their initial victory during this
interlude the marauders killed three cattle and three mares and began to roast and stew meat and
beans and to parch and grind maize for their pinole. Evidence of burned wheat, tepari beans, and other plant and animal food items seem to confirm this portion
of the account, providing eerie echoes of this fateful day.

Abundant projectile points found in the fill and nearby the feast structure confirm the identity of the attackers and provide insights into the ability of artifacts to
inform on ethnicity during this tumultuous time. Unexpected architectural details raise questions about the nature of traditional forms of O'odham construction,
and the village itself reinforces new perspectives on who the Sobaípuri were and how they lived. This research also addresses what happened to the Jocome,
Jano, Manso, and Suma and why they did not survive as distinct groups into the modern age.

Perspectives of modern descendants of these Sobaípuri clarify the active role of history, and new translations of the documents by Seymour provide fresh
insights into this period.

February 16, 2012, Old Pueblo Archaeology Center's Third Thursday Series

Finding Kino's Bac/Reevaluating San Xavier del Bac in the Jesuit Period

New archaeological and documentary evidence suggest the location of Father Kino's initial San Xavier del Bac. This evidence is critically considered in the
context of new understandings of Sobaipuri material culture, Jesuit-period religious architecture at visting stations on the frontier, and new translations of the
documents. The location has been identified archaeologically and the strengths and weaknesses of this argument are considered.

February 23, 2012, Verde Valley Chapter Arizona Archaeological Society, Sedona, 7 PM at the Sedona Public Library

GERONIMO'S WICKIUP: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE CANON DE LOS EMBUDOS SURRENDER SITE

In the spring of 1886 Geronimo and Naiche attempted to surrender to General George Crook at Canon de los Embudos in Sonora, Mexico. This was several
months before the actual surrender at Skeleton Canyon in southern Arizona. This important event was attended by Tombstone photographer C.S. Fly who
photographically documented the place, the Apache people, and some of their material culture. While others left descriptive accounts of the occasion, these are
the only photographs of the Apache in the field while still enemy combatants of the United States. Rumors led to the dispersal of Geronimo and his people before
the surrender was consummated, delaying his final capitulation to General Nelson Miles until fall of the same year.

Scrutiny of the photographs and comparisons to on-the-ground evidence provide a clear view of archaeological Apache structure signatures and other forms of
material culture from this period. Such evidence serves as a basis for confidently identifying Apache sites, providing an indisputable historical basis at a known
place.

Canon de los Embudos provides an example of how historic documents and photographs can be aligned with archaeological evidence to learn more and gain
confidence about the incredibly light footprint of these mobile people. At the same time, an explicitly archaeological focus shows how and in which ways
documentary sources can be misleading.

March 1, 2012, Arizona Archaeology and Heritage Awareness Month; Himmel Park Branch Library, Old Pueblo's Archaeology Month free kick-off
presentation, Thursday March 1 from 6 to 8 p.m.

GERONIMO'S WICKIUP: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE CANON DE LOS EMBUDOS SURRENDER SITE

In the spring of 1886 Geronimo and Naiche attempted to surrender to General George Crook at Canon de los Embudos in Sonora, Mexico. This was several
months before the actual surrender at Skeleton Canyon in southern Arizona. This important event was attended by Tombstone photographer C.S. Fly who
photographically documented the place, the Apache people, and some of their material culture. While others left descriptive accounts of the occasion, these are
the only photographs of the Apache in the field while still enemy combatants of the United States. Rumors led to the dispersal of Geronimo and his people before
the surrender was consummated, delaying his final capitulation to General Nelson Miles until fall of the same year.

Scrutiny of the photographs and comparisons to on-the-ground evidence provide a clear view of archaeological Apache structure signatures and other forms of
material culture from this period. Such evidence serves as a basis for confidently identifying Apache sites, providing an indisputable historical basis at a known
place.

Canon de los Embudos provides an example of how historic documents and photographs can be aligned with archaeological evidence to learn more and gain
confidence about the incredibly light footprint of these mobile people. At the same time, an explicitly archaeological focus shows how and in which ways
documentary sources can be misleading.

March 8, 2012, Tubac/Santa Cruz County Arizona Historical Society

New Understandings about the Route of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado in Arizona and East on his Way to Quivira

Recent discoveries in New Mexico, Texas, and perhaps Arizona provide a tangible record of Coronado's expedition in 1540. This talk summarizes the types of
evidence archaeologists look for that are specific to the Coronado expedition. The most probable route is discussed with evidence for this suggestion. Also, the
purported discovery of Chichilticali, where the speaker worked, is described and critiqued with visual cues. The audience is encourged to critically evaluate the
argument after being given information on rules of evidence and specific types of evidence identified.

March 11; Tucson Festival of Books, UA campus on Sunday, March 11, 2012 at 11:30 am

To be announced. I will present a talk on Colonial Arizona, and will have a book signing afterward.
The Festival is focusing on Arizona history to help celebrate the 100th year of statehood.

April 18-22, 2012; Society for American Archaeology, Memphis

Hospitality Theory and Socially Prescribed Visiting Behavior
In a session honoring Michael B. Schiffer

Deni J. Seymour (Schiffer student # 9)

Hospitality theory is employed as a way to understand mobile group visitation at the Eastern Frontier Pueblos, situated at the interface of the Plains-Pueblo
worlds. Relationships between guests and hosts involve mutual obligations and require common understandings regarding the nature of interaction. Visiting
behavior, often socially and spatially structured, involves a systematic set of rules for inter-group social encounters that are especially practical when interface
can have costly or deadly consequences. Anthropological studies suggest that stable inter-cultural relations presuppose such structured interaction. Visiting
protocol established a safe and predictable basis for groups, including enemies, to interact for specific purposes, while shielding other aspects of society.
Documentary and archaeological data indicate that rules of hospitality were widely shared in the early historic American Southwest with their spatial and
physical footprint preserved. Consequences for violating visiting etiquette are discussed as are strategic and intentional protocol breach. The parameters of
mobile group and Puebloan landscape use are examined in the context of hospitality theory.

April 2012, at the San Xavier Community Center

Kino's San Xavier, and the Wa:k Community Through Time

BLM SAFFORD, BROWN BAG TBA, 12:00, March 2012

The Hormiguero Site: A Large Peloncillo Mountain Site as a Guide for Identifying Apachean Material Culture.

A sizable ancestral Apache site in the Peloncillo Mountains has distinctive structure outlines, storage platforms, rock art,
pottery, and other features and artifacts. The nature of this site provides information on how to identify Apache sites, how to
distinguish between Apache and non-Apache mobile groups, and how to distinguish between various Apachean groups. It also
provides a way to connect ethnographic sources to the archaeological record to understand landscape use, terrain selection,
and the Apachean perception of their neighbors.